Objectives: The categorical data analysis is very important in statistics and medical sciences. When the binary response variable is misclassified, the results of fitting the model will be biased in estimating adjusted odds ratios. The present study aimed to use a method to detect and correct misclassification error in the response variable of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), applying binary logistic regression. Methods: Data from the Diabetes Screening test in the Health Center of Zahedan City, Iran, were explored. It included 819 Iranian adults with a binary response variable (T2DM). By a new method, the misclassification parameters and the estimated parameters in logistic regression were validated. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS, and P<0. 05 were considered as statistically significant. Results are presented as Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results: Increased age (OR=1. 04, 95% CI=1. 02-1. 06), hypertension (OR=3. 06, 95% CI=1. 80-5. 21), and obesity (OR=1. 99, 95% CI=1. 26-3. 15), all elevated the odds of T2DM. Discussion: The method provided adjusting for bias due to misclassification in logistic regression, and using it is recommended.

The analysis of the bending behavior of rotating porous disks with exponential thickness variation consisting of viscoelastic functionally graded material is illustrated. The study of bending in the porous disk was done using the first-order shear deformation theory. The porous disk is under the effect of a combination of mechanical stresses and thermal distribution. All material factors for the porous disk change across the thickness as a power law of radius. To solve the mathematical structure by using the semi-analytical technique for displacements in the porous disk, and then to treat the structure model with viscoelastic material by the correspondence principle and Illyushin’s approximation manner. Numerical outcomes including the effect of porosity parameter, inhomogeneity factor, and relaxation time are presented with three different sets of boundary conditions for the solid and hollow disks. A comparison between porous and perfect disk with numerous values of porosity parameters and different inhomogeneity factors have been shown to emphasize the importance of complex mathematical structure in modern engineering mechanical designs.

Analysis of stresses and displacements around circular opening excavated in rock mass has been one of the most important problems in tunneling. Plastic zone is formed around underground opening as a result of high stress magnitudes. The ground response curve is one of the best methods for understanding of tunnel stability that describes the relationship between the decreasing of inner pressure and the increasing of radial displacement of tunnel wall. In recent years, several methods have been suggested for analysis of ground response curve by many researchers, however, most of the analytical solutions that have been presented, are relevant to elastic-perfectly-plastic or elastic-brittle-plastic behavior of rock. But, the real behavior of plastic zone is strain-softening with dilation. For strain-softening rock masses the attempts at elasto-plastic analysis are limited. This may be due to the difficulty in defining the material behavior and in obtaining the closed-form solutions.Summary: In this study, it is attempted to develop the earlier methods and present a new algorithm with considering quality of rock mass and variable dilatancy, the real behavior of rock mass be applied in analysis of ground response curve. The results based on the proposed analytical solution was in agreement with Numerical method and measured wall convergence in the Ghomroud tunnel. The results indicated effect of dilation parameter on convergence tunnel wall. With the increasing of rock mass quality (geological strength index),post-peak behavior of rock mass converge to elastic-brittle-plastic. Introduction: Due to loading of underground excavation and redistribution of stresses, the plastic zone form around tunnel. The real behavior of plastic zone is strain-softening with dilation. This paper proposes a new algorithm to calculate the distribution of displacements and stresses around tunnel excavated in strain softening rock masses with variable dilatancy. Also, Effect of various parameters including dilation, geological strength index, and critical softening parameter was studied on proposed algorithm.Methodology and Approaches: In this study, a new proposed algorithm was used for calculating ground response curve. In order to investigate the verification of proposed algorithm, the results of this analytical solution was compared with numerical method. For showing the applicability of the proposed algorithm, part of Ghomroud tunnel radius convergence was calculated by this proposed analytical solution and was compared with measured tunnel wall convergence at site. The results based on the proposed analytical solution was in agreement with the measured tunnel convergence.Results and Conclusions: In proposed algorithm, strain softening behavior, variable dilatancy and geological strength index applied through algorithm, which the results indicated that proposed algorithm was in good agreement with numerical and field results. The results of calculation via proposed algorithm shown importance of dilation in estimation of tunnel convergences. Using of constant dilation estimate the displacement of tunnel wall excessive. So, Analysis with constant dilation is conservative.

Over the last three decades, with the implementation of scientific and accurate surveys and collection of data on individuals and households, a broad literature has emerged in the study of labor supply at the micro level.In most studies carried out in the area of labor supply hours, common regression models and consequently Ordinary Least Squares or Generalized Least Squares have been used. Considering the limitations of model's dependent variable ( working hours), it is highly probable to have biased results since the use of General Linear Model to create a link between a set of descriptive variables and a response variable is useful when the dependent variable ( the response variable) has been measured for all observations with an equal interval scale. However, in the labor supply model, the response variable does not enjoy such a property.In this paper, the results of model fitting with three different methods have been introduced in addition to introducing the appropriate method for the construction of labor supply model with regard to the properties of the model's dependent variable.

In this paper, the transient response of fins with variable cross- section is investigated, calculated and compared using perturbation techniques of higher orders when the fin's base temperature undergoes a step change. To expand the practical applications of the results of this investigation, different mechanisms of heat transfer governing the process of energy exchange are considered. Also, in this work, the use of the software of mathematical has enabled us to consider eight terms in perturbation expansions without carrying the burden of the algebra. At the end, the governing equations are solved using numerical techniques to compare with the perturbation results (an analytical approach).

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and increased susceptibility to recurrent infections, autoimmunity and malignancies. We have previously shown that some pediatric patients with CVID can respond to meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Twelve pediatric cases with CVID were re-evaluated to determine whether bactericidal antibody responses or IgM memory B-cells correlate with the severity of disease resulting from the deficiency. We found that bronchiectasis and clinical manifestations of autoimmunity occur more commonly amongst non-responders to vaccine. In contrast, low populations of memory Bcells do not correlate with these sequelae. The results of this study could help pediatricians plan strategies for prevention of sequelae in children presenting with CVID.

Drought stress is one of the phenomena that limited growth and crop yield around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. To investigate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and some physiological parameters of wheat under drought stress, a split plots experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at Agricultural Research Center of Ilam, during 2014-2015 cropping season. Experimental factors included moisture treatments in three levels (control (100), 70 and 40 % field capacity), salicylic acid in three levels (0, 50 and 100 μ M) and two wheat cultivars (Bahar and Pishtaz). The results showed that triple interaction between drought stress, salicylic acid and cultivars on all traits was significant. By increasing drought stress photosynthetic pigments, number of grains per spike and thousand seed weight was significantly decreased, while the use of 50 and 100 μ M salicylic acid in this situation improved these traits. Proline content and soluble carbohydrates were ascending with increasing severity of drought stress, that this trend by use of salicylic acid (50 and 100 μ M) decreased. Although no significant difference between the two cultivars in the grain yield was observed under drought stress, but numerically under drought stress the highest and lowest yield related to Pishtaz, 70 % field capacity by 100 μ M salicylic acid and Bahar, 40 % field capacity by non salicylic acid treatment, respectively. Generally, it seems that application of salicylic acid (50 μ M) under drought stress by improving the plants physiological processes, while increasing plant resistance, lead to greater economic performance.

Background: Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is the commonest symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and represents a heterogenous collection of disorders resulting mostly in antibody deficiency and recurrent infections. The syndrome includes impaired B-cell maturation, impaired somatic hyper mutation, reduced numbers of circulating memory and isotype-switched memory B cells, and absent or reduced plasma cells. B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a tumor necrosis family receptor superfamily member 17 (TNFRSF17), expressed only on B cell lines, and is essential for survival of long-lived plasma cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate mutations in BCMA in patients with CVID in compare with normal individuals in Isfahan, Iran.Methods: Blood samples were collected from 10 CVID patients with substitutive immunoglobulin therapy before immunoglobulins (Ig) infusion and 10 normal controls in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tubes then DNA samples were extracted and after the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done, samples were sequenced.Findings: After reviewing the results of the sequence and alignment of the sequences, no mutations in the gene were seen.Conclusion: In addition to the study of mutation in BCMA gene, BCMA gene and protein expression level should be considered to understand more aspects of this disease.